Overview
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk. is a perennial herbaceous plant that is native to the Mediterranean region. It is known for its yellow ornamental flowers that bloom in the summer, its strong aroma, and its numerous medicinal properties.
Common Names
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk. is commonly known as Yellow Oxeye or Stinking Chamomile due to its strong odor. It is also called the Gravel Daisy due to its preference for growing in poor, rocky soil.
Uses
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk. has been used for centuries in traditional medicine for various ailments. It is known to possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties that make it useful in treating digestive problems such as indigestion, bloating, and diarrhea. It is also used to relieve respiratory issues such as asthma, bronchitis, and coughs. The plant is often used topically to treat skin conditions such as eczema and to promote wound healing. In addition, the plant has ornamental value and is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens.
Appearance
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk. is a hardy plant that can grow up to 60 cm in height. It has hairy, gray-green leaves that are deeply lobed and toothed. The flowers are yellow and daisy-like with a central disc surrounded by petals. They bloom from mid-summer to early fall. The plant has a strong, unpleasant odor that is reminiscent of camphor or turpentine.
Light Requirements
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk. is a sun-loving plant. It requires full sunlight to grow and thrive. It can tolerate partial shade but will bloom less in such conditions. Therefore, it is best to plant it in full sunlight if possible.
Soil Requirements
The plant prefers well-drained soils of sandy or loamy texture. It also grows well in soils that are slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. Ensure that the soil is moist but not waterlogged as the plant does not tolerate waterlogged conditions. Before planting, it is recommended to amend the soil using compost or organic manure to improve soil fertility and nutrient content.
Temperature Requirements
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk. grows best in warm temperatures between 18-25°C. The plant can tolerate high temperatures of up to 35°C but growth may be stunted. During winters, the plant goes dormant and can tolerate temperatures as low as -10°C. It is essential to keep the plant protected from harsh winds which can damage its delicate flowers and foliage.
Cultivation of Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk.
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk., also known as Yellow oxeye or Rue-leaved oxeye, is a flowering plant that is native to North Africa and parts of Europe. It is a hardy plant that can grow in various soil types ranging from loamy to sandy soils. The plant prefers well-drained soil and thrives in full sun or partial shade. It is recommended that the plant is propagated through seeds or cuttings during the spring or early summer seasons.
Watering Needs for Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk.
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk. has moderate watering needs and requires adequate moisture to thrive. It is important to ensure that the soil is not waterlogged as this can lead to root rot. The plant should be watered deeply every 7-10 days during the growing season and less frequently during the winter months when the plant is dormant.
Fertilization of Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk.
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk. is a light feeder and only requires minimal fertilization. It is recommended that a slow-release fertilizer be applied during the spring to provide the necessary nutrients for the plant to grow. Over-fertilization can lead to excessive growth and can cause the plant to become floppy and prone to diseases.
Pruning of Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk.
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk. does not require regular pruning, but it may benefit from occasional pruning to maintain its shape and promote bushier growth. The plant should be pruned back to half its size during the early spring before the growing season. Deadheading spent blooms can also encourage the plant to produce more flowers.
Propagation of Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk.
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk. can be propagated through different methods, including:
Seed Propagation
One of the most common ways of propagating Buphthalmum graveolens is through seeds. The seeds can be sown in a well-draining soil mix, either indoors or outdoors, depending on the climate. It is recommended to sow the seeds in the spring or early summer, as this will ensure proper growth and development.
After sowing the seeds, it is important to keep the soil consistently moist, but not waterlogged. The seeds usually germinate within 1-2 weeks, and after a few more weeks, the seedlings can be transplanted into their final positions.
Division Propagation
Another way to propagate Buphthalmum graveolens is through division. This method involves dividing the plant into smaller sections and replanting them in new locations. This can be done in the spring or fall.
To divide the plant, gently dig it up from the soil and separate the roots into individual sections. Ensure that each section has a healthy root system and some foliage. Then, replant the sections in a well-draining soil mix and water them thoroughly.
Cuttings Propagation
Buphthalmum graveolens can also be propagated through stem cuttings. This method involves taking a stem cutting from the plant and rooting it in a suitable soil mix.
Choose a healthy stem tip and cut it at an angle. Then, remove the lower leaves and place the stem cutting in a soil mix that is moist but well-draining. Cover the cutting with a plastic bag or a propagator cover to maintain humidity.
After a few weeks, the stem cutting should begin to root. Once roots have formed, the cutting can be transplanted into its final position.
Disease and Pest Management for Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk.
Buphthalmum graveolens Forssk., also known as Yellow oxeye daisy, is a perennial plant that is native to the Mediterranean region and can be found growing in rocky places, meadows, and fields. This plant is generally disease and pest-resistant, but it can still fall victim to various pests and diseases if not properly taken care of. Here are some common diseases and pests that might affect Buphthalmum graveolens and ways to manage them:
Diseases
1. Rust: Rust is a fungal disease that causes yellow-orange spots on the leaves of the plant, which later turn into black masses. In severe cases, rust can cause defoliation. To manage rust, remove and destroy all the infected parts of the plant, increase the airflow around the plant, and avoid overhead watering.
2. Powdery mildew: Powdery mildew is a common fungal disease that appears as a white, powdery coating on the leaves. It can cause leaf curling, distortion, and yellowing. To manage powdery mildew, remove and destroy all infected plant parts, improve air circulation around the plant, and avoid overhead watering. Chemical control may be necessary in severe cases.
3. Root rot: Root rot is a fungal disease that affects the roots of the plant. It causes stunted growth, yellowing, wilting, and ultimately, death. To manage root rot, avoid overwatering and ensure good drainage. Fungicides can be used in severe cases.
Pests
1. Aphids: Aphids are small insects that feed on the sap of the plant, causing stunted growth and yellowing of leaves. To manage aphids, you can spray the plant with a mixture of soapy water or neem oil. Ladybugs and lacewings can also be introduced to the garden as they are natural predators of aphids.
2. Leafhoppers: Leafhoppers are small insects that suck sap from the leaves and stems. They cause yellowing, wilting, and curling of leaves. To manage leafhoppers, you can introduce natural predators like ladybugs and lacewings. Also, avoid overfertilizing and mulching as this can attract leafhoppers.
3. Whiteflies: Whiteflies are small, winged insects that suck sap from the leaves of the plant. They cause yellowing, stunted growth, and leaf drop. To manage whiteflies, you can use sticky traps or introduce natural predators like ladybugs and lacewings. In severe cases, you may need to resort to chemical control.
