Overview
Bridelia microphylla Chiov. is a flowering plant species belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. It is commonly known as the Small-leaved Bridelia. The plant is native to tropical Africa and is the most widespread and conspicuous species of the genus. Bridelia microphylla has many uses and is an important plant in traditional medicine.
Appearance
The Small-leaved Bridelia is a small to medium-sized tree that can grow up to a height of 20 meters. The plant is characterized by a smooth gray bark and numerous branches. The leaves are alternate and simple, with a length of 3-7 cm and a width of 1-3 cm. The leaves are elliptic in shape with an acuminate tip and are hairless. The plant produces small flowers that are greenish-yellow in color and bloom between August and September. The flowers grow in axillary clusters, and each flower is unisexual. The fruits are reddish-brown, ovoid or ellipsoidal berries that contain a single seed.
Uses
Bridelia microphylla Chiov. has many traditional medicinal uses. The bark of the tree is used to treat malaria, fever, diarrhea, and dysentery. The roots of the plant are used to treat rheumatism, toothache, and snake bites. The leaves are used in the preparation of herbal remedies for treating hypertension, diabetes, and liver diseases. The fruits of the plant are edible and are used in the preparation of soups and sauces. The wood of the Small-leaved Bridelia is used for carpentry, firewood, and charcoal production.
Light Requirements
Bridelia microphylla Chiov. requires full sun to partial shade for optimal growth. It can thrive in areas with bright, indirect light that is not too intense. In areas with less sunlight, the plant may grow slower and produce less fruit.
Temperature Requirements
The ideal temperature range for Bridelia microphylla Chiov. is between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius. It is sensitive to damage caused by frost and high winds. In cooler temperatures, the plant's growth may slow, and it may become dormant during winter.
Soil Requirements
Bridelia microphylla Chiov. prefers well-draining soil that is rich in nutrients. It can grow in a variety of soil types, including sandy or clay soils. The soil pH should range between 5.5 and 6.5 for optimal growth. The plant can tolerate mildly acidic to mildly alkaline soil conditions.
Cultivation Methods
Bridelia microphylla Chiov. is a deciduous plant that grows well in completely drained soils. The plant thrives in a wide range of soils, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils. However, the soil must be fertile, and pH should be around 6.5 to 7.5 for optimal growth. When planting, ensure the hole is two or three times bigger than the root ball to allow the roots to grow easily.
Watering Needs
Bridelia microphylla Chiov. requires watering, especially during the hot and dry season, to retain the moisture level. Watering should be done in the morning or evening hours, and the amount of water should be enough to drench the soil to a depth of 4-6 inches.
Fertilization
The plant requires fertilization and benefits from the incorporation of organic matter in the soil. You can add compost or manure when planting to enhance soil structure. A balanced slow-release fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10 or 20-20-20, can be added twice a year during the growing season, i.e., in early spring and mid-summer. Avoid over-fertilizing, as it can affect the plant's growth and health.
Pruning
Pruning is essential in maintaining the plant and encouraging growth. The best time to prune is in early spring before new growth starts. Pruning should focus on removing the dead or diseased branches or those that are rubbing against each other. Also, prune any unwanted or awkwardly shaped branches to maintain the plant's shape and size. Regular pruning encourages the development of new growth, leading to a healthy and thriving plant.
Propagation of Bridelia microphylla Chiov.
Bridelia microphylla Chiov. can be propagated by seeds, cuttings, and air layering.
Propagation by Seeds
The seeds of Bridelia microphylla Chiov. can be collected from the mature fruit. The fruit should be left on the plant until it turns brown and starts to split open. The seeds should be extracted from the fruit and allowed to dry for a few days. Once the seeds are dry, they can be stored in a cool, dry place until it is time to plant them.
Seeds should be planted in well-draining soil. It is important to keep the soil moist but not wet. Germination can take up to 6 weeks, and once the seedlings have developed their first set of leaves, they should be transplanted into larger containers or directly into the ground.
Propagation by Cuttings
Softwood cuttings can be taken from Bridelia microphylla Chiov. in the spring or early summer. Cuttings should be taken from the tip of the plant and should be around 10-15cm in length. Remove the lower leaves, leaving only a few at the top. The cuttings can be dipped in rooting hormone and planted in well-draining soil. Keep the soil moist and cover with a plastic bag or clear plastic to maintain humidity. Cuttings should root within 4-6 weeks.
Propagation by Air Layering
Air layering is a propagation method that involves making a cut in the stem of the plant, wrapping it in moist sphagnum moss, and covering it with plastic wrap. This encourages the stem to produce roots. Air layering can be done in the spring or early summer.
To air layer Bridelia microphylla Chiov., select a healthy stem and make a cut about 20cm from the tip. Remove the leaves from the area where the cut will be made. Make a 2cm cut through the bark, being careful not to cut all the way through the stem. Wrap moist sphagnum moss around the cut and cover with plastic wrap, securing it at both ends. Keep the moss moist and after a few months, roots should develop. Once the roots are well-established, the stem can be cut off the parent plant and planted in a pot or directly in the ground.
Disease Management
Bridelia microphylla Chiov. is susceptible to a few diseases that can affect its growth and productivity. The following are some common diseases that might affect the plant:
- Leaf spot disease: This disease is caused by a fungus that affects the leaves of the plant, causing yellowing and dark spots. To manage this disease, remove and destroy the affected leaves and avoid overhead watering. Fungicides can also be applied to control the disease.
- Cankers: Cankers are caused by fungi that attack the bark and stem of the plant, causing them to rot. To manage this disease, prune and destroy the affected parts and apply fungicides to prevent further spread.
- Root rot: Root rot is caused by fungi that affect the plant's roots, making it difficult for the plant to absorb nutrients from the soil. To manage this disease, avoid overwatering the plant and provide good drainage. Fungicides can also be applied to control the disease.
Pest Management
Bridelia microphylla Chiov. is also susceptible to a few pests that can affect its growth and productivity. The following are some common pests that might affect the plant:
- Scale insects: These insects attach themselves to the plant's leaves and stem, sucking the sap from the plant, which can cause stunted growth. To manage this pest, remove the insects manually and apply insecticides.
- Aphids: Aphids are small insects that feed on the plant's sap, causing curling of leaves and stunted growth. To manage this pest, apply insecticidal soap or neem oil to the affected areas.
- Whiteflies: Whiteflies are small insects that like to feed on the underside of the plant's leaves, causing yellowing and stunted growth. To manage this pest, apply insecticidal soap or neem oil to the affected areas.
Regular monitoring of the plant for any signs of disease or pest infestation is necessary to manage them effectively. Taking proactive measures such as proper watering, fertilization, and pruning can help the plant withstand disease and pest pressures.
