Overview
Bonamia cymosa is a plant species belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. It is also known by its common name, Bush Morning Glory.
Origin
Bonamia cymosa is native to tropical regions of South America, including Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. It has since been introduced to other parts of the world, such as Hawaii.
Appearance
Bonamia cymosa is a scrambling shrub that can grow up to 5 meters in length. Its stem is woody and its leaves are alternate, petiolate, oblong-ovate, and measure approximately 2.5 to 10 cm long and 1 to 6 cm wide. The plant produces funnel-shaped pinkish-purple flowers that measure approximately 3 to 4 cm in diameter and are axillary or terminal.
Uses
Bonamia cymosa is used in traditional South American medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including inflammation, respiratory issues, and intestinal disorders. Additionally, the plant has ornamental value and is sometimes used in landscaping.
Light Requirements
The plant Bonamia cymosa (Roem. & Schult.) Hallier f. thrives in moderate to bright light conditions. It requires at least 6 hours of direct or indirect sunlight per day to grow healthily. However, intense sunlight exposure may cause sunburn to its leaves resulting in stunted growth and leaf discoloration. Therefore, providing partial shade during hot and dry weather is recommended.
Temperature Requirements
Bonamia cymosa (Roem. & Schult.) Hallier f. grows well in warm to hot temperatures. The ideal daytime temperature range is between 20 and 35°C (68-95°F). At night, the temperature should not drop below 15°C (59°F). The plant is sensitive to frost and cannot survive in freezing temperatures. It is advisable to grow it indoors during the winter season.
Soil Requirements
The soil requirement of Bonamia cymosa (Roem. & Schult.) Hallier f. is well-draining. It prefers soil with moderate moisture content. Wet and waterlogged soils can lead to root rot and other fungal diseases. The ideal soil pH is between 5.5 and 7.5. Organic matter-rich loamy soils are best suited for the growth of this plant. It is important to avoid clay soils as they restrict airflow and proper drainage.
Cultivation
Bonamia cymosa, also known as Balsam-of-Tolu, is a beautiful plant that requires little attention, making it ideal for gardeners of all levels. This native South American plant thrives in moist, well-drained soils, and prefers partial shade to full sun. It is best propagated through cuttings, which can be taken in early summer.
Watering Needs
Bonamia cymosa enjoys a regular supply of water, and the soil should be kept moist but not waterlogged. Irrigation can be reduced in winter, but it should not be left to dry out completely. Watering once a week during the summer and every other week during winter will keep the plant healthy and thriving.
Fertilization
Bonamia cymosa does not require much feeding, but it will benefit from a balanced fertilizer applied every two months during the growing season. Apply a slow-release fertilizer to promote growth and improve flowering. Make sure to follow the instructions on the package and avoid over-fertilizing, as it can cause damage to the plant.
Pruning
Bonamia cymosa tolerates light pruning, and it should be done in late winter or early spring before the new growth appears. Pruning promotes bushier growth and helps keep the plant at a manageable size. Remove any dead, damaged, or diseased foliage and stems. Pinch the tips of new shoots to encourage branching. If the plant gets too big, it can be rejuvenated by cutting it back hard to around 10 cm from the ground.
Propagation of Bonamia cymosa (Roem. & Schult.) Hallier f.
There are several methods of propagating Bonamia cymosa (Roem. & Schult.) Hallier f., a creeping perennial herb native to South Africa. Here are some of the most common ways:
Seed propagation
Bonamia cymosa can be propagated by seeds which are small and brown. The seedlings can be transplanted to prepared beds after four months. Seeds should be sown in well-drained soil mixed with sand and peat moss or sawdust with a pH of 5.5 to 7.
Division of rhizomes
Division of rhizomes is another method of propagating Bonamia cymosa. This method is preferred because it maintains the characteristics of the parent plant. Rhizomes should be cut into small pieces, and each piece should have at least one stem and one root. The pieces should be planted in a mixture of potting soil, peat moss, and sand or vermiculite with a pH of 5.5 to 7. The cuttings should be placed in a shady area and kept moist until they are established.
Cuttings
Bonamia cymosa can also be propagated by cuttings. Cuttings should be taken in the early morning from young, healthy plants. The cuttings should be about 20 cm long, with one or two nodes. The leaves on the bottom of the cutting should be removed, and the stem should be treated with rooting hormone. The cuttings should be planted in a mixture of sand and compost in a shady area and kept moist until they are established.
Air layering
Air layering is another method of propagating Bonamia cymosa. This method involves making a cut in the stem of the plant, covering it with moist sphagnum moss, and then covering the moss with plastic wrap. Once roots have formed, the cutting can be removed and planted in a potting mix.
Overall, propagating Bonamia cymosa can be done by seed, division of rhizomes, cuttings, or air layering, depending on the gardener's preference.
Disease Management for Bonamia cymosa
Bonamia cymosa, commonly known as the Mexican marigold or marigold essential oil plant, can suffer from certain diseases. These diseases can have a significant effect on plant growth and, as a result, reduce yields. Here are some common diseases that can affect Bonamia cymosa and ways to manage them:
Leaf Spots
Leaf spots are a common disease among several plants, including Bonamia cymosa. This fungal infection manifests as small, circular, brown lesions on the plant's leaves. The spots can slowly merge, ultimately leading to complete defoliation. Ensure proper ventilation by giving the plant's leaves enough space to dry out.
In case of severe infection, remove the affected leaves, dispose of them responsibly, and avoid overwatering the plant. Fungicides can also be used to prevent and control leaf spots. Prevention is the best ploy. Ensure that the plants get enough air and light and water them adequately, especially during hot and humid weather.
Root Rot
Root rot is a fungal infection that affects plants growing in poorly drained soil. The roots begin to rot, eventually leading to the plant's death. Plants affected are often yellow with drooping or wilting leaves. Plants that die of root rot are often root-bound.
To prevent root rot, avoid overwatering and ensure the plant grows in well-draining soil. Avoid planting Bonamia cymosa in a location previously used to grow other plants with a history of root rot. Add organic matter to the soil. Use clean pruning tools to remove any dead or diseased roots. There are fungicides available if the infection is severe.
Pest Management for Bonamia cymosa
Bonamia cymosa is not very susceptible to pests; however, they are not immune to attacks. These are some common pests that might affect the plants and ways to manage them:
Mites
Spider mites are tiny pests that suck sap from plants, affecting their leaves' vigour. On a closer look, you might notice some webbing forming in the plant's crevices. Infestations lead to defoliation, affecting the plant's ability to photosynthesise. To manage them, wipe them off the leaves and flowers with a damp cloth. If there is severe infestation, remove the affected parts of the plant.
Use organic pesticide such as neem oil or insecticidal soap which are excellent choices for spider mite control. It is best to prevent infestations through proper sanitation. You should also avoid pruning plants and allow the appropriate distance between plants for proper air circulation, which reduces the mites' potential for attack.
Whiteflies
Whiteflies are tiny white insects that suck sap from the plants, causing weak growth, yellowing leaves, and stunted growth. They also secrete honeydew, attracting ants, mealybugs, and sooty mould. Whiteflies can easily enter the plant without proper hygiene practices and can cause severe damage within a short period.
To manage whiteflies, ensure proper hygiene practices such as sanitizing the growing area, proper disposal of plant debris, and releasing natural enemies such as ladybird beetles, lacewings, or parasitic wasps. You can also use sticky traps to reduce the number of whiteflies or vacuum the insects using a hand-held device.
You can also use neem oil or insecticidal soap as pesticides for controlling whiteflies. However, avoid using harsh insecticides that might harm the plant.
