Overview
Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. is a fern species that is commonly found in areas of North and South America. It is typically known by several common names, including western chain fern and dwarf chain fern. This plant has been valued for its ornamental appearance and medicinal properties.
Appearance
The western chain fern typically grows in compact clusters with thin, dark stems that originate from a roughly textured rhizome. Each stem holds several fronds that are lance-like and pinnately divided. The fronds are often a light to medium green colour with a glossy appearance. They can range between 10-30cm in length and have a leathery texture.
Uses
Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. has been recognised for its medicinal properties by several indigenous cultures. It has been used to treat various ailments, including bronchitis, diabetes, and stomach aches. Additionally, this plant is commonly used as an ornamental plant in landscaping due to its aesthetic value.
In addition, the western chain fern can also act as a soil stabiliser, helping to prevent erosion or landslides. This can be particularly useful in areas where the soil is loose or vulnerable to erosion.
Cultivation
The western chain fern is a hardy plant that can typically grow in a range of soils, from sandy to loam. It prefers moist, well-drained areas with partial shade, making it ideal for shaded gardens or near water features. This plant can be propagated through spores or division of its rhizomes. Once established, it requires little maintenance beyond routine watering and occasional fertilising.
Light Requirements
The plant Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. typically prefers shaded or partially shaded locations for growth. The plant needs enough light to carry out photosynthesis efficiently, but direct sunlight for long hours can be harmful to the plant.
Temperature Requirements
The plant Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. thrives well in a temperature range of 15-25°Celsius. It can tolerate cold temperatures, but frost can damage the fronds of the plant. High temperatures and heatwaves can cause the plant to wilt and develop dry fronds.
Soil Requirements
The plant Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. prefers well-drained soils that are moist but not waterlogged. The soil should be rich in organic matter, and pH should be slightly acidic to neutral (pH 5.5-7.5). The plant needs a consistent supply of water and nutrients to sustain its growth and development.
Cultivation methods
Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. is a hardy fern that grows well in shady and moist environments. It requires well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter and moderately acidic. The plant should be placed in an area with filtered sunlight, as direct sunlight may scorch the fronds.
If gardening in a tropical or subtropical climate, the fern should be planted in the cooler months when the soil is moist. Planting in early spring is preferred. In colder areas, the fern can be grown in pots and kept indoors.
Propagation can be done by division of crowns or through spores.
Watering needs
Watering requirements of Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. depend on the climate and humidity levels. The fern requires regular watering but should not be over-watered. Over-watering can cause root rot, a common problem with ferns.
It is best to allow the soil surface to dry out between watering. Watering should be reduced during the winter months when the plant is dormant.
Fertilization
Fertilization of Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. should be done during the active growing period, which is in spring and summer. A balanced fertilizer with equal parts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can be used.
It is recommended to fertilize the plant every two to four weeks during the growing season. Too much fertilizer can burn the roots and cause damage to the fronds.
Pruning
Pruning of Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. should only be done to remove any yellow or damaged fronds. The fern does not require extensive pruning and can be left to grow naturally.
When pruning, it is important to use sharp, clean scissors or pruning shears to prevent damage to the leaves.
Propagation methods for Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook.
Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. can be propagated through various methods including spore propagation, division, and transplantation.
Spore propagation
Spore propagation is the most common method used to propagate Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook.. Spores are collected from mature fronds and sown on a well-drained, slightly acidic substrate. The substrate must be kept humid and at a temperature range of 20-25°C. Spores usually take around 4-6 weeks to germinate. Seedlings are transplanted to individual pots and grown until they are big enough to be transplanted to their permanent location.
Division
Division is another propagation method that can be used for Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook.. The plant is carefully dug out of the ground and separated into smaller pieces, ensuring that each division has healthy roots. The divided plant is then planted into a new location and watered adequately.
Transplantation
Transplantation is a method that is used when the plant has outgrown its current location. The plant is dug out of the ground and carefully transplanted into a new location with well-drained, slightly acidic soil. The soil should be loosened up to ensure that the plant's roots establish quickly in the new location. Adequate watering is necessary to prevent the roots from drying out.
Disease Management
Several diseases can affect Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. Here are some of the most common ones:
- Rust: This fungal disease causes orange or brownish pustules on the fronds. It can lead to defoliation and weak growth. To manage rust, remove infected fronds and apply a fungicide sprayed to cover both surfaces of the fronds.
- Leaf spot: This disease causes circular brown spots on the fronds, which can grow together and cause significant damage. Remove infected fronds and avoid overhead irrigation to manage leaf spot.
- Root rot: This fungal disease affects the roots, causing stunting, yellowing, and eventual death of the fronds. To manage root rot, improve soil drainage, and avoid overwatering.
Pest Management
Several pests can also affect Blechnum occidentale L. var. minor Hook. Here are some of the most common ones:
- Scale insects: These small insects attach to the fronds and suck sap, causing yellowing, stunting, and eventual death. To manage scale insects, use a horticultural oil or insecticide soap.
- Mealybugs: These white insects also attach to the fronds and suck sap. They excrete a sticky substance called honeydew that attracts ants and promotes the growth of sooty mold. To manage mealybugs, use a horticultural oil or insecticide soap.
- Caterpillars: These larvae of moths, butterflies, and other insects can feed on fronds and cause significant damage. To manage caterpillars, pick them off by hand or use a biological insecticide containing Bacillus thuringiensis.
