Overview of Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich.
Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. is an herbaceous plant that belongs to the family Oxalidaceae. It is commonly known as Ethiopian biophytum or Abyssinian oxalis and is native to East Africa, specifically Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Appearance of Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich.
Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. is a small perennial plant that grows up to 15cm tall. It has a delicate look with thin, wiry stems. Its leaves are alternate, trifoliate, and bright green in color. The leaflets are narrow and have a serrated margin. The plant produces small yellow-green flowers that give way to capsules containing several seeds.
Uses of Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich.
Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. is used in traditional medicine in Ethiopia and Eritrea to treat a variety of ailments such as respiratory infections, abdominal pain, and fever. The plant is known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The seeds of the plant are also used as a food source in Ethiopia, where they are ground and made into a paste to be eaten.
In addition to its medicinal and nutritional uses, Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. is also grown as an ornamental plant in some regions, where its delicate foliage adds to the charm of gardens and indoor plant collections.
Light Requirements
Biophytum abyssinicum is typically found growing in the understory of forests and woodlands, indicating its preference for low to moderate light conditions. As a result, the plant thrives in partial to full shade. However, some level of sunlight is necessary for optimal growth and development, and direct exposure to intense sunlight can be harmful to this plant.
Temperature Range
The temperature range suitable for the growth and development of Biophytum abyssinicum is between 18°C and 28°C. The plant does not tolerate extreme temperatures and is sensitive to frost. Temperatures above the optimal range can cause heat stress, leading to reduced growth rate and eventual death of the plant.
Soil Requirements
Biophytum abyssinicum prefers soils with high organic matter content and good drainage. The soil should be loose, well-aerated, and rich in nutrients. A pH range of 5.0 to 6.5 is optimal for growth and development. The plant does not tolerate waterlogged conditions and is susceptible to root rot, so the soil must be well-drained. Biophytum abyssinicum can also grow in sandy soils, as well as clay loam soils.
Cultivation Methods
Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. is mostly grown in shaded locations, as direct sunlight could damage its foliage. The plant thrives in well-draining soils and requires regular watering to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. It does best in temperatures ranging from 15–30°C and high humidity conditions.
The plant is usually propagated from seeds, which should be sown in well-draining soil. The seeds are small and must be placed on the soil surface. Germination usually occurs within four weeks of sowing, and the seedlings should be transplanted into individual containers once they have established a few true leaves.
Watering Needs
Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. requires regular watering to keep the soil moist. However, over-watering should be avoided, as it could lead to root rot.
It would be best to water the plant early in the morning to allow the leaves to dry before nightfall. This reduces the risk of the plant being infected with fungal diseases that could thrive in a moist environment.
Fertilization
The plant benefits from regular feeding with a balanced fertilizer during the growing season. It would be best to use a slow-release fertilizer that provides the plant with a constant supply of nutrients over a more extended period. Over-feeding should be avoided, as this could cause the plant to become leggy and unattractive.
It's important to note that newly transplanted seedlings should not be fertilized until they become established, usually after a month or two.
Pruning
Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. does not generally require pruning, except to remove dead or damaged leaves. Pruning the plant could cause it to become stressed and could reduce its vigor and overall appearance.
However, if you must prune the plant, it would be best to do so in the spring or early summer. Avoid pruning during the fall and winter months, as this could expose the plant to cold temperatures and could lead to frost damage.
Propagation of Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich.
Propagation is an essential aspect of cultivating Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. The plant can be propagated through several methods, including:
Seed propagation
Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. can be propagated through seeds. Seeds must be harvested when the capsules turn brown and start to open. After harvesting, seeds should be sown immediately, as they are short-lived and quickly lose viability. The seeds should be sown in warm and moist soil in trays or pots. Germination usually takes between 4-6 weeks, and the seedlings can be transplanted to their permanent positions when they have their second pair of true leaves.
Cutting propagation
Another propagation method for Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. is through stem cuttings. Cuttings should be taken from healthy plants, just below the node, and dipped in rooting hormone powder to enhance root development. The cuttings are then planted in a mixture of sand and compost and watered regularly. Roots usually develop within a few weeks, and the cuttings can be transplanted when they have developed enough roots to support themselves.
Division propagation
Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. can also be propagated through division. The plant is divided into several sections, each containing a healthy stem and root system. The divided sections should be replanted in pots or soil, and watered well. This method is effective for mature plants that have outgrown their containers or for plants that can be separated into more manageable sizes.
Disease and Pest Management of Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich.
Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich., commonly known as Ethiopian fame flower or African shamrock, is an ornamental plant that belongs to the Oxalidaceae family. This plant is susceptible to various diseases and pests that can cause significant damage if not appropriately managed.
Common Diseases
Powdery mildew: This disease appears as a powdery white coating on the surface of leaves, stems, and flowers. It is caused by a fungal infection and can be controlled by removing infected plant parts and applying fungicide to prevent the disease's spread.
Leaf spot: It is a fungal disease that causes circular or irregular brown spots on the plant's leaves. The affected leaves should be removed and destroyed. Applying fungicide can also help control the spread of the disease.
Root rot: It is a fungal disease that causes the plant's roots to rot, leading to the death of the plant. Overwatering and poor drainage are the primary causes of root rot. To prevent this disease, avoid overwatering, improve soil drainage, and use fungicide treatment.
Common Pests
Spider mites: These tiny pests appear as small moving dots on the underside of the plant's leaves. They cause yellowing and drying of leaf tips and edges. The infested plant should be isolated, and the spider mites can be controlled by washing the plant with soapy water or using insecticidal soap.
Mealybugs: These pests appear as white cotton-looking substances on the plant's leaves and stems. They suck various plant parts, leading to stunted growth and leaf yellowing. To control mealybugs, remove the infected parts of the plant and use insecticidal soap.
Aphids: These tiny soft-bodied insects suck sap from the plant, causing leaf yellowing and curling. They can be controlled by washing the plant with soapy water or using insecticidal soap.
Regular inspection and proper plant care, such as adequate watering, fertilizer application, and pruning, can help prevent the occurrence of diseases and pests in Biophytum abyssinicum Steud. ex A.Rich. If the infestation or disease persists, it is recommended to consult with a professional horticulturist for appropriate and effective management strategies.
