Origin and Common Names
Bidens setigera (Sch.Bip. ex Vatke) Sherff subsp. bipinnato-partita (Chiov.) Mesfin, also known as the swamp beggar-tick or Spanish needle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Africa, particularly in countries such as Ethiopia, Sudan, and Somalia. The plant is also found in various parts of Asia, such as India, Pakistan, and Nepal, and has been introduced to other parts of the world, including the United States.
General Appearance
The swamp beggar-tick is a herbaceous plant that can grow up to 2 meters in height. It has slender stems with pinnately compound leaves that are about 10-25 cm long. The leaves are composed of 3 to 5 leaflets that are toothed and can be up to 10 cm long. The plant produces numerous small flowers that are yellow in color and have flattened petals. These flowers are arranged in clusters on the plant and bloom from August to October. The fruit is a small burr that contains two to four seeds that are shaped like tiny needles.
Uses
Bidens setigera has several uses in traditional medicine. In Ethiopia, the plant is used to treat various ailments, such as fever, diarrhea, and stomachache. The leaves and stems are also used as a poultice to treat wounds and skin infections. Additionally, the plant is used in the production of traditional African medicine, and the seeds are used to produce oils that are used in cooking and as a source of fuel.
Light Requirements
Bidens setigera subsp. bipinnato-partita is a plant that requires full sunlight to grow properly. Therefore, it should receive at least 6 hours of direct sunlight exposure every day. A lack of sunlight can make the plant weak and more susceptible to pests and diseases. Access to ample sunlight promotes the plant's growth, development, and overall health.
Temperature Requirements
Bidens setigera subsp. bipinnato-partita can thrive in temperatures between 20-30°C (68-86°F). However, it can withstand a range of temperatures, although sudden fluctuations in temperature can lead to leggy growth and poor overall plant health. A moderate temperature ensures that the plant grows at an optimal rate without any strain on its metabolism.
Soil Requirements
The soil must provide good drainage while still retaining enough moisture for the plant. Bidens setigera subsp. bipinnato-partita can grow on a variety of soils, including sandy, loamy, and clay soils. However, the preferred soil type is rich in organic matter, with a well-balanced pH. The ideal pH range is 6.0-7.0. The appropriate soil richness and pH level sustains the growth, nutrient uptake, and metabolism of the plant, resulting in healthy and vigorous growth.
Cultivation of Bidens setigera subsp. bipinnato-partita
Bidens setigera subsp. bipinnato-partita is a hardy plant that is easy to cultivate. It prefers well-drained soil and can be grown in full sun or partial shade. The plant grows in clumps up to a meter high, and is known to have a long flowering period extending from summer to autumn.
Watering Needs
Bidens setigera subsp. bipinnato-partita has average watering needs. However, it is important to ensure that the soil is moist but not waterlogged. This should be done regularly during dry periods, but care should be taken not to saturate the soil. Avoid watering the plant from above the foliage to prevent moisture damage to the leaves.
Fertilization
The plant does well in nutrient-rich soil. Therefore, regular fertilization with a balanced fertilizer is recommended. This can be done annually or twice a year. Use a water-soluble fertilizer, and follow the manufacturer's instructions for application rates and timings.
Pruning
Pruning is not necessary for Bidens setigera subsp. bipinnato-partita, but it can encourage bushier growth if undertaken. Deadheading spent flowers is recommended to extend the blooming period of the plant. Remove any diseased or damaged leaves or stems as soon as they are noticed to prevent the spread of infections.
Propagation of Bidens setigera (Sch.Bip. ex Vatke) Sherff subsp. bipinnato-partita (Chiov.) Mesfin
Bidens setigera (Sch.Bip. ex Vatke) Sherff subsp. bipinnato-partita (Chiov.) Mesfin, commonly known as the western marsh marigold, is a herbaceous perennial plant that belongs to the family Asteraceae. It can be propagated through various methods.
Seed Propagation
The most common propagation method for Bidens setigera subsp. bipinnato-partita is through seed. Seeds can be collected by hand from mature plants and can be sown directly into the soil or started indoors prior to planting. Seeds do not require any special pre-treatment before sowing. They need moist soil and adequate sunlight to germinate. Germination usually takes 1-3 weeks.
Division Propagation
Bidens setigera subsp. bipinnato-partita can also be propagated through division. This method is best done in early spring or fall. The plant should be dug up carefully, and the root ball can be separated into pieces. Each piece should have some healthy roots and shoots. The divided plants can be planted in their new location immediately. Adequate watering should be provided.
Cuttings Propagation
Propagation of Bidens setigera subsp. bipinnato-partita can also be done through stem cuttings. This method is suitable for plants that have become too large or need to be rejuvenated. Cuttings should be taken from a healthy plant, preferably from the top of the shoot. The cutting should be about 2-3 inches long with a few leaves attached. The cutting should be dipped in rooting hormone and planted in a potting mix. It should be kept moist and placed in a brightly lit area. The rooting process takes around 3-4 weeks. Then, the rooted cuttings can be transplanted into a bigger pot or directly into the soil.
Disease and Pest Management for Bidens setigera (Sch.Bip. ex Vatke) Sherff subsp. bipinnato-partita (Chiov.) Mesfin
Bidens setigera (Sch.Bip. ex Vatke) Sherff subsp. bipinnato-partita (Chiov.) Mesfin is generally resistant to diseases and pests. However, in some situations, the plant can still be affected by some common diseases and pests. Here are some tips on how to manage them:
Diseases
Powdery Mildew: Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that can affect Bidens setigera plants. It is characterized by white powdery fungal growth on the leaves. To manage this disease, you can apply fungicides that contain active ingredients such as potassium bicarbonate, sulfur, or neem oil. You can also remove the affected plant parts and destroy them to prevent the spread of the disease.
Leaf Spot: Leaf spot is a bacterial disease that causes circular spots on the leaves. To manage leaf spot, you can use antibacterial agents such as copper-based fungicides. Also, avoid working on the plants when they are wet to prevent the spread of the disease.
Root Rot: Root rot is a fungal disease that affects the root system. It causes the roots to become dark and mushy, leading to the wilting of the entire plant. To manage this disease, ensure proper drainage and avoid overwatering. You can also apply fungicides with active ingredients such as thiophanate-methyl and azoxystrobin.
Pests
Aphids: Aphids are small, sap-sucking insects that can weaken Bidens setigera plants. They can be controlled by spraying the plants with insecticidal soap or neem oil. You can also introduce natural predators such as ladybugs to control the aphid population.
Spider Mites: Spider mites are tiny pests that feed on the plant’s sap, causing the leaves to turn yellow and fall off. To manage spider mites, you can spray the plants with water regularly to increase humidity levels. You can also apply insecticidal soap or neem oil.
Overall, to prevent the occurrence of diseases and pests, ensure that your plants are healthy and well-maintained. Regularly remove the dead and diseased plant parts, avoid working on the plants when they are wet, and practice good hygiene.
