Overview of Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Printzen
Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Printzen, also known as the cracked lichen, is a lichenized fungi species that belongs to the family Ramalinaceae. This species is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, North America, and Asia.
Description of Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Printzen
The cracked lichen is a crustose lichen with a rough texture and irregular, cracked thalli. The thalli are gray, greenish-gray, or brownish-gray in color and can measure up to 3.0 cm in diameter. The lobes of the thallus are mostly flattened, rather than strongly curved or cupped.
The cracked lichen has apothecia, which are small, cup-like structures that contain spores. These apothecia are usually partially immersed in the thallus and have a diameter of 1-2 mm. The color of the apothecia is usually dark brown or black.
Uses of Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Printzen
Biatora subduplex is not widely used for any medicinal or commercial purpose. However, as lichens are important indicators of the environmental health, the distribution and occurrence of the cracked lichen and other lichen species are used to study the quality of air and water and to detect the presence of pollutants in an ecosystem.
Culture and Habitat of Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Printzen
Biatora subduplex is usually found growing on rocks, soil, and tree bark, especially in cold and humid environments. It is commonly found in boreal forests and arctic-alpine habitats. This species can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, making it a ubiquitous species. However, its ability to grow on rocks and tree bark indicates that this species may require nutrients from specific sources.
Light Conditions
Biatora subduplex is a shade-tolerant lichen species that can grow in a wide range of light conditions. It typically prefers partial shade to full shade and can tolerate low light conditions. However, it may also grow in areas with moderate light exposure, such as the edges of forests, but it does not thrive in direct sunlight.
Temperature Conditions
Biatora subduplex is a cold-tolerant lichen species that can grow in a wide range of temperatures. It typically grows in temperate to subarctic regions and can tolerate temperatures as low as -20°C (-4°F). However, it may also grow in warmer areas, but it does not thrive in hot temperatures.
Soil Requirements
Biatora subduplex is a soil-growing lichen species that can grow on a variety of substrates. It typically grows on rocks, soil, and bark, especially of deciduous trees. It prefers high humidity and nutrient-poor soils, such as those found in acid bogs, coniferous forests, and other areas with low nutrient availability. It may also grow in areas with moderate nutrient levels, but it does not thrive in highly fertile soils.
Cultivation Methods for Biatora subduplex
Biatora subduplex is an epiphytic lichen that grows on the bark of trees. It can also grow on rocks and pebbles that are moistened by rain or humidity.
To cultivate Biatora subduplex, you need to mimic its natural environment. This means providing a substrate that can hold moisture, such as tree bark or rocks. You can collect bark or rocks from a nearby forest or purchase it from a garden center.
Once you have the substrate, you can attach the lichen by gently pressing it onto the bark or rock surface. You can use a string or wire to tie it in place until it establishes itself. Place the substrate in a shady location, preferably in a humid environment like a greenhouse or terrarium.
Watering Needs
Biatora subduplex requires a moderate amount of water to thrive. You should mist the substrate regularly, especially during dry spells or when the lichen appears parched or dried up. Avoid overwatering as it can lead to fungal growth or decay.
It's best to use rainwater or distilled water for misting, as tap water may contain harmful chemicals that can harm the lichen.
Fertilization
Biatora subduplex does not require fertilization as it obtains its nutrients from the air and the substrate. Applying fertilizer can harm the lichen and the substrate it's growing on.
Pruning
Pruning is not necessary for Biatora subduplex as it does not have any stems or branches. However, you can remove any dead or deteriorating parts of the lichen to maintain its appearance and health.
Biatora subduplex is a beautiful and unique plant that requires minimal care. With the right conditions, you can enjoy its growth and beauty in your home or garden for years to come.
Propagation of Biatora subduplex
Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Printzen is a lichen species that primarily reproduces by asexual means. It can be propagated from vegetative fragments, soredia, or fungal diaspores.
Vegetative fragmentation
Biatora subduplex can be propagated by fragmenting thallus pieces. Take a mature lichen thallus and carefully break it into smaller fragments. The fragments can be added to a suitable substrate, such as a bark or rock surface, and attached using natural adhesion. Over time, the fragments will grow to become new thalli.
Soredia production
Biatora subduplex produces soredia, which are specialized fungal propagules consisting of both fungal and algal cells. These soredia can be harvested and added to a substrate to propagate new individuals. Soredia can be collected by gently scraping them from the surface of mature thalli. The soredia can be spread on suitable surfaces using a brush or other applicator, and germinate under appropriate conditions to form new thalli.
Fungal diaspores
Fungal diaspores are also produced by Biatora subduplex. These microscopic propagules are primarily dispersed by wind or water. They are capable of colonizing suitable substrates and developing into new thalli. Fungal diaspores are more challenging to propagate than soredia or vegetative fragments because they require environmental conditions that favor growth and reproduction.
Overall, Biatora subduplex is a hardy lichen species that can be propagated using various methods. Vegetative fragmentation and soredia production are the most effective approaches for propagating this species. However, propagation through fungal diaspores is also a viable option under the right conditions.
Disease Management
Biatora subduplex is known to be relatively resistant to diseases. However, there are some common diseases that may still affect the plant. Here are some tips on managing them:
- Leaf spots: This is a common disease that can be managed by removing infected leaves and avoiding overhead watering. It can also be prevented by using a fungicide.
- Fungal infections: Fungal infections like anthracnose and powdery mildew can be managed by using a fungicide. Proper watering techniques and good air circulation can also help prevent fungal infections.
- Bacterial infections: Bacterial infections can be managed by removing infected tissue and applying a bactericide. Preventative measures include avoiding overhead watering and maintaining good hygiene in the growing area.
Pest Management
Biatora subduplex may also be susceptible to some common pests. Here are some tips on managing them:
- Aphids: Aphids can be managed by using insecticidal soap or introducing natural predators like ladybugs. Regular monitoring of the plant can also help detect and manage an infestation early.
- Scale insects: Scale insects can be managed by removing them manually or using insecticidal soap. It is important to thoroughly check the plant for hidden infestations, as scale insects can be difficult to detect.
- Spider mites: Spider mites can be managed by using a miticide or introducing natural predators like predatory mites. Regular monitoring of the plant is also important as early detection and management can prevent a serious infestation.
