Overview:
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell., also known as the Italian Chard, is a plant species belonging to the family Amaranthaceae. It is a subspecies of the Beta vulgaris species and is commonly found in the Mediterranean region.
General Appearance:
Italian Chard is a biennial herb that grows up to 60-80 cm in height. The plant has a stout stem with large leaves that are bright green in color and can grow up to 20-25 cm long and 15-20 cm wide. The leaves are thick, fleshy, and have a slightly wrinkled texture. The plant produces a cluster of green flowers that are small and inconspicuous.
Origin:
The Italian Chard is native to the Mediterranean region, including Italy, Spain, Morocco, and Greece. The plant has been introduced to various parts of Europe, North Africa, and North America. It is commonly grown as an ornamental plant in gardens and also as a vegetable crop.
Common Names:
The Italian Chard is known by various common names in different regions. In Italy, it is called Bietole, while in Spain, it is known as Acelga. In Morocco, it is known as Khobeizeh, and in Greece, it is called Glystra. The plant is also commonly referred to as Swiss chard, silverbeet, mangold, and perpetual spinach.
Uses:
The Italian Chard is a popular vegetable that is widely used in Mediterranean cuisine. The leaves and stalks of the plant are cooked and used as a green vegetable in soups, stews, and salads. The plant is a rich source of vitamins A, C, and K, as well as dietary fiber and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, and iron. The Italian Chard is also used in traditional medicine as a natural remedy for various ailments such as hypertension, inflammation, and digestive disorders.
Light Requirements
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell. requires full sunlight or partial shade for optimal growth. It can tolerate partial shade if the available sunlight is sufficient for photosynthesis. Lack of sufficient sunlight can cause stunted growth and reduce the size and quality of beets. Therefore, it is recommended to grow this plant in locations with good exposure to sunlight.
Temperature Requirements
The optimal temperature range for the growth of Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell. is between 18°C and 24°C. This temperature range promotes root development and vegetative growth. Temperatures above 27°C can cause the plants to bolt and produce thin, woody roots. Therefore, it is recommended to provide shading or grow the plant during cooler months to avoid extreme temperatures. The plant can also tolerate light frost, but prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures can cause damage.
Soil Requirements
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell. grows well in well-drained soils rich in organic matter. The ideal soil pH range for the plant is between 6.0 and 7.5. The soil should be amended with compost or other organic matter to improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient content. Heavy soils, which retain water for long periods, can cause root rot, whereas light soils can result in poor root development. A depth of at least 30cm of soil is required to allow proper root expansion, which is essential for the formation of large, high-quality beets.
Cultivation methods
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa, also known as the Giant Sea Beet, can be cultivated through either direct sowing or transplanting. It is advisable to start planting this plant in early to mid-spring. The Giant Sea Beet thrives in well-draining soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.8. It needs at least six hours of direct sunlight per day and requires a depth of 1 inch of soil for planting. Spacing should also be about 12 inches apart.
Watering needs
The Giant Sea Beet is a highly resilient crop that can survive harsh weather conditions. However, it is essential to ensure that the plant is provided with adequate watering regularly to stimulate active growth. Therefore, regular watering is required to maintain an average moisture supply, especially during the growing season. It is recommended to water the plant deeply at least once a week, avoiding standing water around the plant that could promote fungal growth or root rot.
Fertilization
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa is not a heavy feeder. Therefore, light feeding is essential, especially after planting and before harvest. If necessary, you can apply compost or a low-toxic, balanced formula granular fertilizer every four weeks during the growing season. Be mindful that over-fertilizing can result in leafy greens with a bitter taste.
Pruning
The Giant Sea Beet does not require pruning except for the maintenance of leaf size for ornamental purposes. When the plant is around six weeks old, you can start harvesting the outer and lower leaves to promote growth. It is advisable to leave the plant intact barring any damaged leaves or diseased foliage. This action allows the plant to continue to produce healthy leaves and maintain consistent growth.
Propagation of Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell.
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell. is a plant that can be propagated using different methods. The propagation method of choice may depend on the resources available, time of the year, and the desired end result. Some of the most common propagation methods for Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa include:
Sowing seeds:
Sowing seeds is the most common way to propagate Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa. This method involves planting seeds in a well-prepared seedbed or trays. The best time to sow seeds is in early spring, and the germination period takes 7-14 days. Seedlings can be transplanted to their final location when they are 6-8 weeks old.
Root cuttings:
Root cuttings can be taken from mature plants during dormancy. This method involves taking a section of the root and planting it horizontally in a well-prepared bed. This method is less common, but it yields plants that are identical to the parent plant.
Vegetative propagation:
Vegetative propagation is a method that involves using plant parts like leaves, stems, or bulbs to grow new plants. While possible, vegetative propagation is not commonly used for Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa as it can lead to plant variation.
Division:
Division is a propagation method that involves dividing mature plants into smaller sections and planting them separately. This method is only used for perennial root crops like beets, and it is best done during the dormant period.
Disease Management
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell. is susceptible to several diseases that can affect yield and quality of the beet roots. Here are some common diseases and ways to manage them:
Cercospora Leaf Spot
Cercospora leaf spot is caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola. The leaves develop small, circular lesions that turn grayish-white with a reddish-brown border. The disease can reduce photosynthesis and weaken the plant. To manage the disease, avoid overhead irrigation, maintain good crop rotation, and use resistant cultivars. Fungicides can also be used but should be applied in a preventive manner.
Rhizoctonia Root and Crown Rot
Rhizoctonia root and crown rot is caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. It affects the roots and crown of the plant, leading to discoloration, rotting, and wilting. The disease may be exacerbated by poor drainage, compacted soil, and high nitrogen levels. To manage it, improve soil drainage, minimize soil compaction and avoid excessive fertilization. Fungicides can also be applied to mitigate the infection.
Pest Management
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. macrocarpa (Guss.) Thell. is also prone to attack by some pests which can cause severe damage to the crop. Here are some common pests and ways to manage them:
Root Maggots
Root maggots are the larvae of the fly species Delia spp. They feed on the roots and can stunt the growth of the plant. To manage root maggots, remove plant debris after harvest, delay planting until mid-May, and use sticky traps. Insecticides can also be used, but ensure proper application and adherence to label instructions.
Aphids
Aphids are small insects that suck the sap from the leaves and stems of plants. They cause wilting, yellowing, and stunted growth. To manage aphids, remove infested leaves, enhance natural predatory insects like lacewings and ladybugs and use insecticidal soap or oil.
