Origin
Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla is a tree species that is native to the tropical regions of Africa, specifically in countries such as Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, and Nigeria.
Common Names
Commonly referred to as Golden leaf, Golden Baphia, or Amarelão in Portuguese, Baphia chrysophylla has several names depending on the region where it grows. In Gabon, it is called Monda or Mondah, while in Cameroon, it is known as Wengué or Bokonge.
Uses
Baphia chrysophylla is a valuable plant known for its commercial and medicinal uses. The tree's bark and wood are used in the production of furniture, flooring, and construction materials. Its leaves and roots have medicinal properties that have been used to treat ailments such as fever, stomach ache, and coughs. Some communities in Congo and Gabon also use the plant in traditional rituals.
General Appearance
Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla is a tall hardwood tree that can grow up to 30 meters in height. Its leaves are bright green and shiny, with a golden or bronze tint when exposed to sunlight. The tree's bark is smooth and greyish-brown when young, but it turns into a dark brown and rough texture as it ages. Baphia chrysophylla produces small, white or yellow flowers that bloom in clusters, which then develop into round, woody pods containing seeds that are used in the propagation of the tree.
Growth conditions for Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla
Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla, commonly referred to as African sandalwood, is a tree species that grows in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in the West African countries of Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast. The following are the typical growth conditions for this tree species:
Light
African sandalwood requires full sun exposure for optimal growth and development. It is adapted to thrive in areas with abundant sunlight, and shade results in stunted growth and reduced yield in terms of timber. It is, therefore, necessary to provide it with an open canopy that will allow maximum sunlight penetration.
Temperature
Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. However, the optimal temperature range for its growth is between 20°C and 30°C. Temperatures below 15°C may lead to frost damage or stunted growth. On the other hand, high temperatures above 35°C can cause heat stress, wilting, and even death of the plant.
Soil requirements
African sandalwood grows best in deep, well-drained soils. The soils should have a pH of 5.5 to 7.0. It can tolerate soils with low fertility, but it responds well to soils rich in organic matter. The species can grow in a range of soil textures, from sandy loam to clay soils. However, like most plants, it does not do well in waterlogged soils.
Cultivation methods
Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla is typically grown in tropical and subtropical regions. The plant thrives in soils rich in organic matter, with a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5. It prefers full sunlight exposure, but it can also grow in partial shade. To propagate this plant, seeds can be sown in the spring, or cuttings can be taken from healthy stems.
Watering needs
The watering needs of Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla vary based on the stage of growth and the climate. During the establishment phase, it requires regular watering until the roots establish. However, once the roots take hold, it will only require watering during prolonged dry spells. It is essential to avoid overwatering this plant, as it is susceptible to root rot.
Fertilization
To ensure healthy growth, Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla needs regular nutrient application. This plant should be fertilized towards the end of the rainy season, followed by another application at the beginning of the dry season. Organic fertilizers, such as compost and well-rotted manure, work well for this plant. Nitrogen-rich fertilizers should be avoided as they encourage excessive vegetative growth.
Pruning
Pruning is an essential technique to keep Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla in good shape. Pruning the plant during the late rainy season or early dry season allows it to develop healthier roots and reduce water stress. The plant should be pruned to remove dead or diseased branches, control the plant's size, and shape it. Regular pruning will also encourage the development of a bushy appearance and promote flowering.
Propagation of Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla
Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla can be propagated either through seed or vegetatively through stem cuttings or grafting. However, seed propagation is the most common method used.
Seed Propagation
Seeds should be collected from ripe pods and sown immediately. The seeds can be soaked in hot water for 24 hours to soften the hard seed coat before sowing. The seeds should be sown in a well-draining soil mixture at a depth of 1 to 2 cm. The soil should be kept moist, but not waterlogged. Germination usually occurs within 2 to 3 weeks.
Vegetative Propagation
Stem cuttings can be taken from the current season's growth during the rainy season. The cuttings should be 15-25 cm long and should include at least three nodes. The lower leaves should be removed, and the cuttings should be treated with rooting hormone. The cuttings can be planted in a soil mixture of sand and peat in a propagation tray. The tray should be kept in a shade house with high humidity until rooting has occurred.
Grafting can also be used to propagate Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla. The scion should be taken from a healthy, young tree, and the rootstock should be a closely related species. The graft should be covered with plastic to maintain high humidity until the graft is established.
Disease and Pest Management for Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla
Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla is a highly desirable plant because of its beautiful foliage and ease of care. However, it is still susceptible to some common diseases and pests that can threaten its health. To keep Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla healthy, gardeners and horticulturists must watch out for symptoms of disease and pests and act promptly with the right management techniques.
Common Diseases
Fungal Leaf Spot: Fungal leaf spot is a common disease that can affect Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla. It is caused by a pathogenic fungus that leaves brown spots on the leaves. The disease is spread by water, so it is crucial to avoid overhead watering and keep the foliage dry. Infected leaves should be removed and destroyed, and the plant should be treated with fungicides.
Root Rot: Root rot is another common disease that can affect Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla. It is caused by waterlogged soil, which encourages the growth of pathogenic fungi. Symptoms include yellowing leaves and stunted growth. To prevent root rot, gardeners should ensure that the plant is not overwatered, and the soil is well-draining. Infected plants should be removed and destroyed, and the soil should be sterilized to prevent the spread of the disease.
Common Pests
Spider Mites: Spider mites are tiny pests that are known to attack Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla. They are known for sucking sap from the leaves, which can lead to wilting and discoloration. To manage spider mites, gardeners should rinse the foliage with a strong jet of water to dislodge them. If this method is not effective, insecticidal sprays can be used.
Scales: Scales are another common pest that can affect Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla. They are known for their hard, protective shells and can be found on the stems and leaves of the plant. Scales suck sap from the plant, leading to stunted growth and yellowing leaves. To manage scales, gardeners should remove them from the plant by gently scraping them off. Insecticidal soap can also be used to control scales.
By following the right management techniques, gardeners and horticulturists can help keep Baphia chrysophylla Taub. subsp. chrysophylla healthy and thriving. Early detection and treatment of diseases and pests are crucial for the survival of this beautiful plant.
