Overview of Arthothelium macrothecum (Fee) A. Massal.
Arthothelium macrothecum (Fee) A. Massal. commonly known as "Lichen" is a type of fungus that grows abundantly on damp rocks, tree barks, and soil in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It was first discovered by L.A. G. de Bary in 1858 and later described by A. Massalongo in 1860.
General Appearance of Arthothelium macrothecum
The plant has a flat discoid thallus that is grayish-green in color and can grow up to 10 cm in diameter. The thallus is made up of numerous foliose lobes that overlap and interlock with each other, giving it a unique crinkled appearance. The upper surface of the thallus usually has rounded lobes, while the lower surface is smooth and attached to the substrate.
Uses of Arthothelium macrothecum
Arthothelium macrothecum is not known to have any significant medicinal or economic value. However, it has a crucial role in the ecosystem as it forms a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic partners such as algae and cyanobacteria. It is also a significant contributor to soil formation and has been used as an indicator of environmental pollution due to its sensitivity to air pollutants.
Common Names of Arthothelium macrothecum
Arthothelium macrothecum is known by several common names depending on the region. Some of the common names include Grayish-green lichen, Lichenized fungus, Lichen planus, and Crumbly lichen.
Light Requirements
Arthothelium macrothecum can grow in both full sun and partial shade, but it tends to thrive in bright, filtered light. In its natural habitat, it grows under the canopy of trees or on rocks that provide filtered light. Direct sunlight can scorch the leaves of the plant and stunt its growth.
Temperature Requirements
Arthothelium macrothecum is a hardy plant that can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. However, it grows best in temperatures between 15°C and 25°C (59°F and 77°F). Extreme temperatures can cause damage to the leaves and inhibit its growth. The plant can tolerate occasional frost, but prolonged exposure to sub-zero temperatures can be fatal.
Soil Requirements
Arthothelium macrothecum prefers well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. The plant can grow in a variety of soil types, including sandy, loamy and clay soils. However, the soil pH should be slightly acidic to neutral, ranging from 5.5 to 7.5. The plant can tolerate slightly alkaline soils but may exhibit nutrient deficiencies and stunted growth in highly acidic soils. It is also important to ensure good soil aeration and avoid waterlogging, as the plant is susceptible to root rot in poorly drained soils.
Cultivation
Arthothelium macrothecum grows well in shade or partial shade. It prefers a humid environment and should be planted in well-draining soil. The plant can be propagated from spores, which should be sown on top of the soil, sprayed with water, and kept moist. The optimal temperature range for growth is between 18°C and 25°C.
Watering Needs
It is important to keep the soil moist. Ensure that the soil does not dry out but avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot. The plant should be watered when the topsoil feels dry to the touch. The frequency of watering will depend on environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity.
Fertilization
Arthothelium macrothecum does not require frequent fertilization. Fertilizer application should be minimal, and the ideal fertilizer is a slow-release fertilizer. Fertilizer application should be done during the growing season. Over-fertilization can damage the plant.
Pruning
Pruning is not necessary for Arthothelium macrothecum. However, occasional pruning of dead or yellow leaves can help the plant to focus its energy on growth. Use a clean, sharp tool to avoid damaging the plant.
Propagation of Arthothelium Macrothecum
Arthothelium macrothecum is a species of lichen commonly found in humid forests of South America. Propagation of this species can be achieved both sexually and asexually.
Sexual Propagation
Sexual propagation of Arthothelium macrothecum involves the formation and dispersal of spores. The spores can be collected from mature lichens and cultured on a suitable growth medium. The medium should provide the necessary nutrients and environmental conditions for the spores to germinate and develop into new lichens.
Asexual Propagation
Asexual propagation of Arthothelium macrothecum is achieved through the fragmentation of the thallus. The thallus is the vegetative tissue of the lichen. Small pieces of the thallus can be detached and placed on a suitable substrate, such as tree bark or rocks. The substrate should provide the necessary nutrients and environmental conditions for the thallus to grow and develop into new lichens.
It is important to maintain proper environmental conditions during propagation, such as sufficient moisture and light. Additionally, the substrate should be free from harmful chemicals or pollutants that could interfere with lichen growth.
Disease Management
Arthothelium macrothecum (Fee) A. Massal. usually suffer from fungal infections such as leaf spot, rust, and sooty mold. To prevent the development of diseases, you need to take care of the plant properly.
First, clear out any debris and dead or infected leaves around the plant. These materials can harbor fungus and spread diseases.
Second, make sure the plant has adequate airflow. Poorly ventilated areas can cause the growth of fungal spores and other diseases.
Third, avoid watering the plant's foliage. Wet leaves can attract diseases and promote fungal growth.
If the plant does develop a disease, you can treat it with fungicides or other appropriate treatments.
Pest Management
Arthothelium macrothecum (Fee) A. Massal. are susceptible to pests such as spider mites and scale insects. To prevent pest infestation, inspect the plant regularly and remove any pests you find.
You can also use non-toxic solutions such as neem oil or insecticidal soap to manage pest problems. Make sure to follow the instructions carefully to avoid damaging the plant.
If the pest infestation is severe, you may need to use stronger chemicals such as pesticides. Consult a professional or your local garden center for advice on the best pest control options.
Overall, early prevention and regular maintenance are the keys to avoiding disease and pest problems in Arthothelium macrothecum (Fee) A. Massal.
