Overview
Arthonia excedens Nyl. is a type of lichen commonly found on the bark of various trees in different parts of the world. It is known for its unique characteristics and is an essential part of the ecosystem. In this article, we will discuss the origin, common names, uses, and general appearance of this plant.
Origin and Common Names
Arthonia excedens Nyl. is a type of lichen that can be found in different parts of the world, including North America and Europe. It is commonly referred to as Biscuit Lichen, Crusted Petrified Lichen, or Petrified Lichen.
Uses
Arthonia excedens Nyl. is used in various applications, including herbal medicine and perfumes. In herbal medicine, it is used to treat respiratory problems and skin conditions, among others. It is also used as a perfume ingredient due to its pleasant scent.
General Appearance
Arthonia excedens Nyl. has a unique appearance that makes it easy to identify. It forms a thin, crust-like layer on the bark of trees and other surfaces. The lichen has a brownish-grey color and a rough texture. It can grow up to 3cm in diameter, and the edges are often curled or slightly raised.
Light requirements
Arthonia excedens Nyl. is a lichenized fungus that grows well in moderate to low light conditions. This plant prefers shade or partial shade and does not thrive in direct sunlight. A shaded location with low to moderate light is the ideal environment for this plant to grow.
Temperature requirements
The plant Arthonia excedens Nyl. is typically found in cool to warm temperatures ranging from 10°C to 25°C. This plant can tolerate extreme temperatures but it grows best in temperatures ranging from 15°C to 20°C. It is essential to keep the temperature constant and avoid exposing the plant to sudden temperature changes, which can negatively affect its growth and development.
Soil requirements
Arthonia excedens Nyl. is a lichenized fungus that does not require soil to grow. This plant grows on rocks, trees, and other objects. It can also grow on the soil, but soil is not a requirement for this plant's growth. In case the plant needs to be grown in soil, it requires well-drained and moist soil. The soil should be rich in nutrients, and the pH should be within the range of 5.0 to 6.0, which is slightly acidic.
Cultivation Methods for Arthonia excedens Nyl.
Arthonia excedens Nyl. is a lichen that can grow outdoors or indoors in suitable conditions. If you plan to grow it indoors, you will need to provide proper lighting conditions, preferably with fluorescent or LED lights. Also, ensure that the growing space has proper ventilation and airflow. Outdoor cultivation requires planting the lichen in rich soil with good drainage.
Arthonia excedens Nyl. prefers temperatures between 15-25°C (59-77°F) for optimum growth. It is essential to avoid extreme temperatures below 10°C (50°F); otherwise, the lichen will die off. If cultivating outdoors, provide suitable shade during the hottest parts of the day.
Watering Needs
Different lichen species have varying water needs, and Arthonia excedens Nyl. requires adequate moisture to thrive. Ensure the growing medium remains moist but not waterlogged to prevent root rot. Overwatering can lead to the loss of the lichen, especially if the temperature is low. Additionally, ensure to spray mist on the lichen to keep it well hydrated, especially during dry periods.
Fertilization
Arthonia excedens Nyl. requires little to no fertilization, as it can derive nutrients from the air and substrate on which it grows. However, if cultivating the lichens indoors or in containers, you may need to provide nutritional supplements sparingly, since the lichen requires only little nutrients. Use organic fertilizers of up to 20-20-20 NPK mixtures to avoid supplying excess nutrients to the lichen, which may promote algal growth, causing the loss of the lichen.
Pruning
Pruning Arthonia excedens Nyl. is not necessary since it does not grow like other plants. Moreover, its outer layers, called cortex, protects it from adverse environmental conditions, such as pollution. In case of debris or dust collects on the lichen surface, use a soft-bristled brush to remove the particles gently. Avoid the use of harsh chemicals when cleaning the surface of the lichen.
Propagation of Arthonia excedens Nyl.
Arthonia excedens Nyl., also known as the crustose lichen, can be propagated through two methods, which are:
Asexual Propagation
Asexual propagation of Arthonia excedens Nyl. can be done through the production of soredia. Soredia are small, powdery structures that form on the surface of the lichen thallus. These structures are composed of both fungal hyphae and algal cells and can be easily dispersed by wind or water. When soredia land on suitable substrates, they can establish new lichen colonies. This mode of propagation allows the lichen to quickly colonize new habitats without the need for sexual reproduction.
Sexual Propagation
Sexual propagation of Arthonia excedens Nyl. occurs through the production of spores. Lichen spores are produced in specialized structures called apothecia that form on the lichen thallus. During sexual reproduction, the fungal and algal components of the lichen combine to form a new individual. The resulting spores can be dispersed by wind and water, but they require specific conditions to establish new colonies. Sexual propagation is a slower process than asexual propagation, but it results in genetic diversity and allows the lichen to adapt to changing environmental conditions over time.
Disease and Pest Management for Arthonia excedens Nyl.
Arthonia excedens Nyl. is a type of lichen that can be affected by various diseases and pests. Here are some common issues and ways to manage them:
Diseases
1. Fungal diseases - Arthonia excedens Nyl. may be susceptible to different types of fungi, including leaf spot, powdery mildew, and rust. One effective way to manage fungal diseases is to improve air circulation by pruning affected leaves and branches and avoiding overhead watering. Using a fungicide is also an option, but it must be applied correctly and carefully to avoid damage to the plant.
2. Bacterial diseases - Some common bacterial diseases that can affect the plant are bacterial blight and crown gall. To manage these diseases, it is essential to remove and destroy infected plant parts and disinfect tools between pruning. In some cases, using copper-based fungicides can be helpful as well.
Pests
1. Spider mites - These pests are known to attack the plant and feed on its juices. Spider mites are difficult to see with the naked eye and usually appear as fine webs on the leaves. To manage spider mites, it is essential to maintain good hygiene by regularly removing dusty leaves and avoiding over-feeding plants with nitrogen-rich fertilizers that encourage spider mite infestations. Another option is to use insecticidal soap or neem oil.
2. Mealybugs - These pests are common in humid environments and appear as small, white, cottony masses on the plant. They also feed on the plant, which results in yellowing of the leaves and stunted growth. To manage mealybugs, wiping down the plant with a cloth soaked in alcohol or soapy water can be effective. In severe cases, using insecticidal sprays is also an option, but it may harm beneficial insects as well.
In conclusion, managing diseases and pests requires consistent monitoring and prompt action to prevent further damage. It is crucial to choose the right management method for each issue and ensure that it is safe for the plant and the environment.
