Overview of Araucaria araucana
Araucaria araucana, also known as the monkey puzzle tree, is a large evergreen tree native to the Andes mountains of Argentina and Chile. It is a member of the Araucariaceae family and is known for its distinctive and unusual appearance.
Common Names
The monkey puzzle tree gets its common name from the idea that it would be difficult for a monkey to climb the tree due to its sharp, densely packed leaves. Other common names for the tree include Chilean pine, Andean pine, and pehuén.
Uses
The Araucaria araucana has been cultivated for centuries for its edible seeds, which are a traditional food source for many indigenous communities in Chile and Argentina. The seeds are usually roasted and have a nutty flavor. The tree is also used for timber, although its slow growth rate and low yields make it a less popular choice than other species of pine.
Appearance
Araucaria araucana can grow up to 130 feet tall and has a unique, almost dinosaur-like appearance. The tree has a broad, conical shape with branches that come out horizontally, giving it a layered look. The leaves are stiff, sharp, and triangular, and are densely packed on the branches. The bark is thick and rough, with deep grooves and furrows.
Araucaria araucana is a slow-growing tree, with an average growth rate of around 4 inches per year. It can live for up to 1,000 years.
Light Requirements:
Araucaria araucana grows best in areas with partial to full sunlight. It can tolerate shady conditions, but a lack of sunlight can lead to slow growth, sparse foliage, and reduced cone production. Therefore, it is better to avoid planting this tree in areas with complete shade for extended periods.
Temperature Requirements:
Araucaria araucana thrives in cool to temperate climates, and its growth is generally stunted in areas with high temperatures. The optimal temperature range for this plant lies between 10°C and 24°C. Additionally, it can tolerate light frost for short periods, but prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures can cause significant damage.
Soil Requirements:
Araucaria araucana prefers well-drained, deep, and fertile soils rich in organic matter. The soil pH should be slightly acidic to neutral (between 5.5-7.5), and the plant cannot tolerate saline or waterlogged soils. Furthermore, it grows best in areas with good drainage, as excessive soil moisture can lead to root rot and other fungal diseases.
Cultivation Methods
Araucaria araucana grows well in well-drained soils with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. It requires a good amount of sunlight and preferably grown in areas with cooler temperatures. The plant is propagated from seeds and should be planted in the early spring or fall. Young trees have a taproot, so it is essential to avoid transplanting them during this stage.
Watering Needs
When it comes to watering Araucaria araucana, it is essential to keep the soil moist but not overly saturated. Overwatering is harmful to the plant, and it's recommended to let the soil dry slightly before watering again. During the winter, watering the tree should be reduced as the plant becomes dormant.
Fertilization
The Araucaria araucana plant requires regular fertilization for proper growth and development. Fertilizer with a balanced nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) ratio should be applied during the growing season, with a frequency of every four to six weeks. Fertilizer application should be stopped in early fall as the plant enters its dormant phase.
Pruning
Pruning Araucaria araucana is crucial to give proper shape and maintain the tree's health. Pruning should be done after winter, and it is essential to remove any dead or damaged branches. Thinning the tree canopy will help increase air circulation and allow for more sunlight to penetrate, promoting healthy growth. It's important to avoid over-pruning as it can harm the tree.
Propagation of Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch
Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch, also known as the monkey puzzle tree, is a slow-growing evergreen tree native to Chile and Argentina. Propagation of this species can be challenging, but it is possible through several methods.
Seed Propagation
The most common propagation method for Araucaria araucana is through seeds. The seeds require cold stratification to break their dormancy and germinate. To achieve this, the seeds should be soaked in water for 24 hours, then placed in a sealed container with damp sphagnum moss and kept in the refrigerator for two to three months. After the stratification period, plant the seeds in a well-draining seed-starting soil mix, cover lightly with more soil, and keep moist. The ideal temperature range for germination is between 18-25°C (64-77°F).
Cutting Propagation
Araucaria araucana can also be propagated through cuttings, although this method is less common. Take cuttings from a healthy tree in the early spring or late summer when the tree is in active growth. Select a branch that is at least 15 cm (6 inches) long and remove the needles from the bottom half. Dip the cut end in rooting hormone and plant the cutting in a container with a well-draining potting mix. Cover the container with a plastic bag and keep it in a warm, bright location out of direct sunlight. Keep the soil moist and wait for the cutting to root, which may take several months.
Grafting Propagation
Grafting is another propagation method used for Araucaria araucana. This method involves taking a cutting from one tree (the scion) and attaching it to the rootstock of another tree. The scion and the rootstock should be of the same diameter. This method is typically used for creating hybrids or preserving specific characteristics in the offspring. Grafting should be done in early spring, and care should be taken to ensure that the graft union is secure and protected from drying out.
Disease and Pest Management for Araucaria Araucana
While Araucaria araucana are generally hardy plants, they can still fall victim to various diseases and pests. Here are some of the common ones that may affect the plant and how to manage them.
Diseases
1. Needle Cast
Needle Cast, also known as Lophodermium Needle Cast, is a fungal disease that often targets the needles of Araucaria araucana. Infected needles can turn brown or yellow. The disease can cause defoliation, which can lead to the stunted growth of the plant. To manage this disease, remove infected needles, and dispose of them appropriately. Make sure not to overcrowd trees so as to maintain sufficient circulation. Avoid overhead watering, as excessive moisture can spread the disease.
2. Root Rot
Root Rot is a soil-borne fungal disease that can affect the roots of the araucaria tree. Overwatering and poor drainage can cause root rot. Symptoms of the disease include stunted growth and yellowing of the leaves. To manage root rot, ensure proper drainage, and avoid over-watering. You can also apply a fungicide in the soil to prevent the disease from spreading.
Pests
1. Aphids
Aphids are sap-sucking insects that can attack the araucaria tree. The pests can cause yellowing, curling, and wilting of leaves. To manage aphids, you can apply an insecticidal soap or neem oil to the affected areas. You can also introduce natural predators like ladybugs and lacewings.
2. Spider Mites
Spider Mites are another common pest that can cause damage to the araucaria tree. These pests can be difficult to identify, but they can cause visible damage such as yellow or brown spots on the leaves. To manage spider mites, you can apply a miticide or insecticidal soap. You can also introduce natural predators like spiders or predatory mites.
Overall, araucaria trees are fairly low maintenance, but they are not immune to disease and pests. By being vigilant and taking the necessary precautions, you can keep your trees healthy and thriving.
